2025, Labour, migration, social inequalities, and rights on the periphery, pp. 155-172
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Migracije iz nužne ili dovoljnosti - studija slučaja cirkularnih migranata iz Srbije
Migration out of necessity or sufficiency: A case study of circular migrants from Serbia
Keywords: cirkularni migranti; trostruka dobitka; dualno tržište rada; Srbija
Ključne reči: circular migrants; triple-win; dual labor market; Serbia
Abstract
Koncept cirkularnih migracija, uostalom kao i širi pojam migracija, sadržinski je vrlo šarenolik i ne poznaje jedinstvenu definiciju. Autori u prvi plan stavljaju različite aspekte ovog fenomena, dovodeći ga u različite odnose sa privremenim ili povratnim migracijama. Iako cirkularne migracije nisu Nov pojam u akademskim krugovima, relativno je novo oduševljenje donosioca odluka njime, koji su ga proglasili za dugo traženo rešenje demografskih i ekonomskih izazova. Naime, u političkom i javnom diskursu se na cirkularne migracije gleda kroz razvojnu perspektivu "trostruke dobiti": pojedincima se daje mogućnost da se usavršavaju na ličnom i profesionalnom planu, u razvijenim zemljama popunjavaju se deficitarna radna mesta i zadovoljava potreba za radnom snagom, dok zemlje u razvoju mogu da izvezu višak radne snage, ali i da kroz povratak svojih građana jačaju konkurentske prednosti na globalnom tržištu. Narativ koji odiše optimizmom nije zaobišao ni Srbiju. Stoga je bilo važno odgovoriti na istraživačka pitanja: koje vrste migracionih praksi se mogu naći među cirkularnim migrantima i da li se oni upuštaju u cirkularne migracije iz ekonomske nužnosti ili dovoljnosti. Da bismo istražili ova pitanja, sprovedeno je kvalitativno istraživanje sa cirkularnim migrantima iz tri grada srednje veličine - Čačka, Užica i Smedereva - kao deo projekta Fonda za razvoj stanovništva, zajedničke inicijative UNDP-a i Ministarstva za brigu o porodici i demografiju. Koncept cirkularnih migracija koji se koristi u ovom istraživanju definisan je preko dve ključne dimenzije oslanja na ove dve važne dimenzije: (1) privremeno ili stalno radno angažovanje u inostranstvu i (2) redovni povraci u Srbiju gde se živi određeno vreme. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da, iako su koristi cirkularne migracije za učesnike neosporne, grupa je polarizovana u pogledu svojih motiva, obrazaca kretanja i praksi u inostranstvu. Šta više, mnogi cirkularni migranti se suočavaju sa različitim oblicima eksploatacije, što često prolazi nezapaženo od strane zagovornika narativa o trostrukoj dobitku.
Sažetak
The concept of circular migration, much like the broader concept of migration itself, is highly diverse in its content and lacks a single, universally accepted definition. Scholars emphasize various facets, often linking it to temporary or return migration. While circular migration is not new notion in academic discussions, it has recently gained attention among policymakers, who now see it as a long-awaited solution to demographic and economic challenges. In political and public discourse, circular migration is often framed through the developmental lens of a "triple-win" model: individuals gain personal and professional opportunities; developed countries address labor shortages; and developing nations benefit from exporting surplus labor and strengthening global competitiveness through the return of citizens. This promising narrative has also reached Serbia. In this context, we explored key questions: what types of migration practices can be found among circular migrants, and do they engage in circular migration out of economic necessity or sufficiency? In order to elaborate on these questions, qualitative research was conducted with circular migrants originating from three medium-sized Serbian cities - Čačak, Užice, and Smederevo - as part of the Population Development Facility Programme, a joint initiative by the UNDP and the Ministry for Family Welfare and Demography. This study aims to shed light on the motivation behind their decisions to leave and return, as well as on their circular migration practices. The concept of circular migration employed in this research is defined by two key dimensions: (1) engagement in temporary or permanent employment abroad, and (2) regular returns to Serbia for periods of residence. The research results indicate that, while the benefits of circular migration for participants are undisputed, the group is polarized in terms of their motives, patterns of movement, and practices abroad. Moreover, many circular migrants face various forms of exploitation, which often go unnoticed by proponents of the triple-win narrative.
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