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Avijarna influenca i biosigurnosne mere - prvi korak u sprečavanju nove panzootije
Avian influenza and biosecurity measures: The first step in preventing a new panzootic
Project: Ministarstvo nauke, tehnološkog razvoja i inovacija Republike Srbije (institucija: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet veterinarske medicine) (MPNTR - 451-03-68/2020-14/200143)
Keywords: avijarna influenca; biosigurnosne mere; dezinfekcija
Ključne reči: avian influenza; biosecurity measures; disinfection
Abstract
Avijarna influenca (ptičiji grip) predstavlja ozbiljnu pretnju po zdravlje domaćih i divljih ptica, sa potencijalnom mogućnošću prenosa na sisare, uključujući ljude, što je svrstava u gupu zoonoza. Virusi avijarne influence se dele na visoko patogene (HPAI - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza) i niskopatogene (LPAI - Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza) sojeve, pri čemu sojevi H5 i H7 izazivaju teške kliničke simptome i visok mortalitet. Glavni rezervoari virusa su divlje ptice vodenih staništa, koje tokom migracija prenose virus duž svojih koridora preleta, inficirajući pritom i lokalitete na drugim kontinentima. Prenos se odvija direktnim i indirektnim kontaktom, a posebno su ugrožene farme u blizini vodenih staništa. U Srbiji su zabeleženi slučajevi HPAI sojeva H5N8 i H5N1, mahom među divljim pticama, što naglašava potrebu za strogim sprovođenjem biosigurnosnih mera. Ključni mehanizam prevencije podrazumeva primenu eksternih i internih biosigurnosnih mera, kao što su ograničavanje kontakta sa divljim pticama, kontrola kretanja ljudi i opreme, all-in/all-out sistem uzgoja, te redovna dezinfekcija itd. Uspešna dezinfekcija zahteva temeljno čišćenje i upotrebu odgovarajućih dezinfekcionih sredstava, posebno u zimskom periodu kada je virus najstabilniji. Ovaj rad naglašava važnost definisanja i sprovođenja sveobuhvatnih biosigurnosnih strategija kako bi se sprečile epizootije, smanjili ekonomski gubici i minimizirao rizik od zoonotskog prenosa, što zahteva saradnju doktora veterinarske medicine, farmera i nadležnih institucija.
Sažetak
Avian Influenza (AI) represents a significant threat to the health of both domestic and wild birds, with the potential for cross-species transmission to mammals, including humans, categorizing it as a zoonotic disease. AI viruses are classified into two categories based on pathogenicity: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza) and low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI - Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza), with H5 and H7 subtypes known to cause severe clinical signs and high mortality rates. Wild birds inhabiting aquatic environments serve as the primary reservoirs, spreading the virus along migratory routes that often span multiple continents. Transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with farms located near aquatic habitats being particularly at risk. In Serbia, cases of HPAI subtypes H5N8 and H5N1 have been reported, predominantly in wild birds, highlighting the urgent need for rigorous biosecurity implementation. Key prevention mechanisms include the application of both external and internal biosecurity measures, such as restricting contact with wild birds, controlling human and equipment movement, implementing all-in/all-out production systems, and regular disinfection procedures. Effective disinfection requires thorough cleaning and the use of appropriate disinfectants, especially during colder months when the virus exhibits increased environmental stability. This paper emphasizes the critical importance of comprehensive biosecurity strategies to prevent epizootics, reduce economic losses, and minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission. Achieving these goals necessitates coordinated efforts among veterinarians, farmers, and competent authorities.
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