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Uticaj klimatskih promena na mikroorganizme i njihove vektore
The impact of climate changes on microorganisms and their vectors
Abstract
Prema Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO), klimatske promene mogu biti ključna globalna pretnja javnom zdravlju u 21. veku, s obzirom na to da ugrožavaju sve aspekte ljudskog života, uključujući rizike po ljudsko zdravlje. Klimatske promene značajno utiču kako na nezarazne, ali velikim delom na zarazne bolesti. Posebnan rizik se odnosi na vektorske bolesti, direktnim uticajem klimatskih promena kako na mikroorganizme tako i njihove vektore. Glavni faktori koji doprinose ovim promenama su porast temperature, promene u padavinama, povećana učestalost ekstremnih vremenskih prilika i zakiseljavanje voda. Efekti ovih promena su promene u distribuciji i preživljavanju mikroorganizama, njihova povećana virulencija, ali i otpornost, uključujući i rezistenciju na antimikrobne lekove. Klimatske promene značajno utiču i na vektore koji prenose infektivne bolesti, poput komaraca, krpelja, glodara i muva. Mogu dovesti do povećanja broja vektora, skraćenja njihovih životnih ciklusa, povećanja širenja na nova geografska područja i produženu sezonu prenosa bolesti. Poseban problem je razvoj rezistencije vektora na insekticide koji se koriste u svrhu njihovog suzbijanja. Ona je rezultat kombinacije bioloških, ekoloških i evolutivnih faktora. Ključni mehanizmi koji doprinose ovom fenomenu uključuju evolucionu adaptaciju vektora u nepovoljnim uslovima, povećanu ekspresiju gena rezistencije koji kodiraju enzime za detoksikaciju insekticida, kao i ubrzan metabolizam artropoda na višim temperaturama, što ubrzava razgradnju insekticida i smanjuje njihovu efikasnost. Rezistencija na insekticide otežava suzbijanje populacije vektora, čime povećava rizik od prenosa bolesti. Danas je to globalni izazov u kontroli vektorskih bolesti poput Malarije, Denga, čikungunja i Zika groznice i ostalih. Klimatske promene utiču na promene u mikrobnoj flori tla i vode, što može dovesti do novih patogena ili povećanja virulencije postojećih. Ugrožen biodiverzitet može omogućiti patogenima da lakše pređu sa životinja na ljude, posredstvom vektora ili direktno, što povećava rizik od novih epidemija i pandemija.
Sažetak
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), climate changes may represent the greatest global threat to public health in the 21st century, with consequences for every aspect of human life, including health. Climate changes significantly impacts on non-communicable and to a large extent, communicable diseases. A particular risk is associated with vector-borne diseases, due to the direct influence of climate change on both microorganisms and their vectors. The main factors contributing to these changes include rising temperatures, shifts in precipitation patterns, an increased frequency of extreme weather events, and water acidification. The effects of these changes manifest as alterations in the distribution and survival of microorganisms, increased virulence, and enhanced resistance, including antimicrobial resistance. Climate change also significantly affects vectors that transmit infectious diseases, such as mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, and flies. It can lead to an increase in vector populations, shortened life cycles, expanded geographic ranges, and prolonged disease transmission seasons. A specific challenge is the development of vector resistance to insecticides used for their control. This resistance results from a combination of biological, ecological and evolutionary factors. Key mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon include the evolutionary adaptation of vectors to adverse conditions, heightened expression of resistance genes encoding detoxifying enzymes, and accelerated arthropod metabolism at higher temperatures, which speeds up insecticide breakdown and reduces their effectiveness. Insecticide resistance complicates efforts to control vector populations, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission. Today, this poses a global challenge in controlling vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika fever and others. Climate change also influences shifts in the microbial flora of soil and water, potentially leading to the emergence of new pathogens or increased virulence of existing ones. Threatened biodiversity may facilitate the transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, either through vectors or directly, heightening the risk of new epidemics and pandemics.
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