Agriculture has a significant impact on the entire humanity and because of that we analyze the the purpose of agriculture sector, especially the challenges of sustainable agriculture and the influence of competitiveness, which stems from the fact that the participation of agriculture in the economy of Serbia and Poland is at a relatively high level. In order to see more important performance and characteristics involved in the concept of challenges of sustainable development and competitiveness of agricultural, we will presents a brief overview of some specifics in two different countries - Serbia and Poland.