Background: Accurate differential etiological diagnosis allows to select the right therapy or adjust the course of treatment. The aim of the study was to analyze the etiological structure of childhood respiratory infections of viral and bacterial origin using the PCR method. Methods and Objectives: Nasoropharyngeal swabs of children admitted to hospital with symptoms of respiratory disease were examined (n=1443). The analysis was carried out using kits for DNA/RNA extraction and PCR kits "RealBest" (AO "Vector-Best"), designed to detect DNA/RNA of influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza types 1-4, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, bocavirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella spp., Fungi, Candida albicans, human DNA. Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Moraxella catarrhalis were detected using primers of our own design for scientific research only. Results: For influenza A, a characteristic seasonal peak was observed in December 2022. RSV, on the contrary, was detected throughout the entire observation period. In the spring, in addition to parainfluenza type 3, all other types of parainfluenza (1, 2 and 4) were encountered. In children of different ages RSV, rhinovirus and coronaviruses predominated in the youngest group (up to one year), rhinovirus, adenovirus and RSV in the 1-5-year group, rhinovirus, adenovirus and influenza B in older children (over 5 years). 16-36% of samples were virus-free. In 47-57%, only 1 virus was detected, in 16-23% - 2 viruses, in 1-5% - 3 viruses. Some viruses have been shown to associate with certain types of bacteria. Conclusions: The widespread prevalence of antibiotic resistance necessitates precise differentiation of the causative agent of infection to justify the prescription of antibacterial drugs and optimize management.