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Gasom izolovana postrojenja u mreži elektroprenosa
Gas-insulated facilities in the power transmission network
Univerzitet u Beogradu, Elektrotehnički institut 'Nikola Tesla', Srbija
Ključne reči: gasom izolovana postrojenja; GIS tehnologija; SF6 gas; alternativna rešenja; digitalizacija mreže
Keywords: gas-insulated switchgear; GIS technology; SF6 gas; alternative solutions; digitalization of the network
Sažetak
Novi trendovi u potrošnji električne energije, progresivna urbanizacija i stalni porast potreba savremenog društva za električnom energijom predstavljaju sve kompleksniji izazov za elektroenergetske sisteme. Nedostatak prostora u velikim gradovima za posledicu ima sve veću potrebu za kompaktnijim visokonaponskim razvodnim postrojenjima. Kako bi se postiglo sigurnije i pouzdanije napajanje potrošača, kao i veća ekonomska korist, tokom poslednjih decenija raste primena postrojenja izolovanih SF6 gasom. Konstrukcija postrojenja omogućava visoku bezbednost ljudi od strujnog udara, uz ograničene prostorne zahteve i veliku koncentraciju snage na visokim naponima (do 1100 kV u Kini) i pri velikim strujama (do 8000 A u Kanadi). Udeo GIS postrojenja u projektima elektroenergetskih objekata širom sveta se povećava u poređenju sa drugim tehnologijama (vazduhom izolovanim ili hibridnim). Postoji mnogo drugih razloga, osim prostora, gde gasom izolovana postrojenja (GIS) mogu biti primenjena. Neke od opštih prednosti korišćenja su ekonomska efikasnost, visoka pouzdanost, bezbednost zbog oklopljenosti opreme, dug radni vek, niski troškovi održavanja, ergonomski dizajn, pouzdan rad u ekstremnim uslovima okoline. Modularnost konstrukcije ovih postrojenja omogućava laku montažu i skraćenje vremena gradnje. Postrojenja su podeljena na gasne komore, što u slučaju kvara u nekoj komori, dovodi do isključenja samo ograničenog dela postrojenja. Malo razlaganje SF6 gasa pri gašenju luka i neznatno trošenje kontakata prekidača i rastavljača pri komutacijama, omogućava da postrojenje radi i do 20 godina bez održavanja. Specifikacija različitih aspekata GIS postrojenja, komponenata i prateće opreme je detaljno razrađena u velikom broju normativnih dokumenata. U radu je dat prikaz istorijskog razvoja GIS tehnologije. Opisane su osnovne karakteristike SF6 gasa i gasom izolovanih postrojenja. Razmatrani su tehnički zahtevi za izbor GIS postrojenja, sagledavanjem različitih faktora, koji se odnose na elektroenergetski sistem, okruženje i troškove. SF6 gas se može smatrati revolucionarnom tehnologijom, koja je bila ključni pokretač savremene urbanizacije. S druge strane, evropski operatori prenosnih sistema, u saradnji sa proizvođačima opreme i ključnim zainteresovanim stranama, ulažu velike napore da postepeno smanje upotrebu SF6 gasa u svojim mrežama i uvedu alternativna rešenja. U radu je dat kratak pregled regulative i ciljeva Evropske unije za smanjenje emisije SF6 gasa, koji pripada fluorovanim gasovima sa efektom staklene bašte. Počev od 2010. godine, potraga za alternativnim izolacionim i komutacionim gasom sa znatno smanjenim potencijalom globalnog zagrevanja (GWP) je donela rešenja zasnovana na fluornitrilu, fluorketonu i tehničkom vazduhu, u kombinaciji sa vakuumskim prekidačima. U radu je prezentovan prikaz dostupnih alternativnih tehnologija. Alternativa današnjim GIS postrojenjima se ogleda u dostignućima u razvoju i upotrebi ekološki efikasnih GIS rešenja i integraciji digitalnih tehnika u projektovanju i dijagnostici. To podrazumeva kombinaciju nisko-ugljeničnog otiska, superiorne pouzdanosti i niskih troškova životnog ciklusa u fleksibilnom rasporedu elemenata. Digitalizacija mreže, od faze projektovanja do potpune digitalne funkcionalnosti svakog uređaja u elektroenergetskom sistemu, je nešto što predstavlja ključ tehnološkog transfera ka budućim rešenjima. Ono što je već izvesno su: tehnologija digitalnog blizanca, integrisani inteligentni elektronski uređaji (IED) sa digitalnom ulazom i izlazom, kompletna baza podataka elektroenergetske mreže dostupna u digitalnom oblaku i inteligentni softver, koji koristi veštačku inteligenciju (AI) za optimizaciju rada mreže. Digitalni GIS neizostavno postaje deo budućih elektroenergetskih mreža.
Abstract
New trends in power electricity consumption, constant increase in the needs of modern society for electricity and progressive urbanization represent an increasingly complex challenge for power systems. The lack of space in large cities results in an increasing need for more compact high-voltage switchgear. In order to achieve a safer and more reliable supply of consumers, as well as a greater economic benefit, during the last decades the application of facilities insulated with SF6 gas has been increasing. The construction of the facilities enables high safety of people from electric shock, with limited space requirements and a high concentration of power at high voltages (up to 1100 kV in China) and at high currents (up to 8000 A in Canada). The share of GIS installations in power facility projects worldwide is increasing compared to other technologies (air-insulated or hybrid). There are many other reasons, besides space, where gas-insulated plants (GIS) can be applied. Some of the general advantages of use are economic efficiency, high reliability, safety due to the enclosed equipment, long service life, low maintenance costs, ergonomic design, reliable operation in extreme environmental conditions. The modular design of these facilities enables easy assembly and shortening of construction time. The facilities are divided into gas chambers, which in the event of a malfunction in a chamber, leads to the shutdown of only a limited part of the facility. Small decomposition of SF6 gas during arc extinguishing and minor wear of circuit-breaker and switch disconnector contacts during commutation, allows the facility to work for up to 20 years without maintenance. The specification of various aspects of GIS facilities, components and supporting equipment is elaborated in detail in a large number of normative documents. The paper presents the historical development of GIS technology. The basic characteristics of SF6 gas and gas-insulated facilities are described. The technical requirements for the selection of GIS facilities were considered various factors related to the power system, environment and costs. SF6 gas can be considered a revolutionary technology, which was a key driver of modern urbanization. On the other hand, European transmission system operators, in cooperation with equipment manufacturers and key stakeholders, are making great efforts to gradually reduce the use of SF6 gas in their networks and introduce alternative solutions. The paper provides a brief overview of the regulations and goals of the European Union for reducing the emission of SF6 gas, which belongs to fluorinated gases with a greenhouse effect. Since 2010, the search for an alternative insulating and arc-quenching gas with a significantly reduced global warming potential (GWP) has brought solutions based on fluoronitrile, fluoroketone and technical air, combined with vacuum circuit breakers. The paper presents an overview of available alternative technologies. The alternative to today's GIS facilities is reflected in the achievements in the development of environmentally efficient GIS solutions and the integration of digital techniques in design and diagnostics. This means combining a low carbon footprint, superior reliability and low life cycle costs in a flexible arrangement of elements. Digitization of the network, from the design phase to the complete digital functionality of every device in the power system, is something that represents the key to technological transfer towards future solutions. What is already certain are: digital twin technology, integrated intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) with digital input and output, a complete power network database available in the digital cloud, and intelligent software, which uses artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize the network operation. Digital GIS inevitably becomes a part of future power networks.
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